The S.S. China was scheduled to sail at 10:00 a.m., and I arrived at the ship around eight thirty, carrying my two satchels and the leather case with my identification papers, letter of credit, and some $3,000*[* In 1894, $3,000 was equal to about $83,000 in 2012 dollars.] in American Express traveler's checks.**[ ** American Express developed traveler's checks in 1891.] I boarded with several other people, and as passengers stepped onto the deck, their names were checked off a manifest when they produced their tickets.

"Welcome aboard, Mr. Battles," said a man wearing an officer's uniform. "Mr. Potts here will show you to your cabin." He nodded at a man wearing a white coat and black trousers.

"Please follow me, sir," he said. Then he picked up my two satchels and...

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